Re: clearing dichromate stain
Heheheh, Charles, Here's my complete notes on clear ingredients from 1898 to present day times. Have at it. BUT for what it is worth, I don't clear. And, if I were to, I use the potassium metabisulfite, finding it infinitely better. Chris "IF creamy yellowness of chromate stain is not desired, use alum, sulphite of soda, or hyposulphite of soda, strenght being immaterial with a careful after washing. If the print is only just sufficient or only slightly overprinted, care must be taken that the clearing bath is not acid, neither must the washing be too prolonged, but if the print is first dried and submitted to light, this precaution is unnecessary." (Barnet, p. 252) Clearing: 1-2 mn in 5% sod bisulfite. Alum is also used but clears slowly. He recommends drying first after clearing and before the final wash to stabilize the prints, and then wash for 10 min. (Wenzel 91) 2% alum for 10 mn. He says alum has a tendency to crystallize and emphasize each grain of paint in the image, and so coarsen it. 72-73. Bisulfite of soda 5% will work. So can hyposulfite be used, but it must be thoroughly eliminated by a prolonged washing (Warren 73) It is necessary to rid the paper of chromic salts for its future permanence (Maskell 39) Immerse dry print for one or two minutes in water to which has been added sufficient bisulfite of soda to produce a distinctly sulfurous smell. Wash a minute or two after because bisulfite of soda is extremely soluble. (Maskell 39) 1-25% alum but 5% seems about right; 5-10min. If film is soft, dry first and alum thereafter, otherwise alum right away. Clear: 5% bisulphate of soda, 2% alum, 5% hypo.these harden pigment and remove dichromate.37 Abbott Alum bath: 1:20. Or mix equal parts of A and B: A soda sulphite, 1 oz in water 3.5 oz, and B sulfuric acid 45 minims in water 3.5 oz. 1% bisulfite of soda for a few minutes. 189 Demachy, Modern Way. Alum bath is not necessary because the stain disappears of its own accord when the print has some time been exposed to light. P. 62 Richards. Clear: alum 1:20 or sod bisulfite 4%. P. 70 Richards He says alum destroys some of the finer particles of pigment and leaves a coarser grain behind, so recommends sodium bisulfite 5%. 114 Richards Clear: 5% alum, or 10% sod sulfite.Lambert + Cummings 5% potash alum or sodium bisulphate clear, and after rinse; best left until the final printing is complete as it cause slight contraction of the paper. 240 Bayley 1 oz alum to 20 oz water for clear, or small amount of sod bisulfite-2-3 tsp in a tray of 60 oz. Alum bath tends to shrink the paper so don't use it til end. Libby P. 129. When print is done developing, immerse in concentrated white alum to remove yellow and then rinse off and lay out in the sun to dry, which will fix the emulsion from further development. Matson P. 44. 5% alum clear for 10 min and then rinse Wall 124 1928 He recommends a 10% solution of sod bi or pot metabi, done after the finished print has been dried. He does not like a 10% alum because the hardening effect does not appear until the film is dry and the film is hard enough when it dries anyway, nor does it remove the stain very easily. Anderson Sept 1935 P. 145. Pot metabi 5% more effective than alum or sod bisulfite. Henney 1939 P. 492. Alum clear: 1 oz to 16 oz. Hardens surface and clears out stain. Kilmer P. 148 5% pot metabi or sod bi; alum should not be used because it threatens print permanence. Clear after print has dried. Once dry the coating sinks into the surface of the paper and is very tough 207 Crawford 1 to 16 alum for 10 min, rinse briefly, dry. Kilmer 153. He uses a 5% acid hardener, which contains sodium or potassium bisulphate and chrome alum, which clears the stain and hardens the gum. 49 Frederick Pot alum clear 25g to 1000, or 15g alum pot sulfate to 300 ml, or 5% pot metabi or sod bi, because an alum bath does not promote print permanency. 75 House Soak print in 2.5% pot alum or pot chrome alum for 5 mn to remove stain. Pp. 58-59Gassan Lt Imp. 1% sod bi clear. P. 192.McDonald 5% pot metabi for sev minutes and 30min wash. Alum also, but not archival. Arnow 127. Clear with 5% pot metabi, not alum because alum is harmful to the paper surface and to the permanence of the image. 71 Reeve Sod bisulfite 2-5%, sod metabi is less odorous, pot bisulfite also 25Nadeau Chrome alum , called chromium potassium sulfate, dark violet, 5% in water hardens gelatin. Does not keep in solution and should therefore be replaced twice a day and never stored as a solution. 25. Nadeau If print is intended to be permanet, stain should be removed. Thick rag papers hold the di more, esp if dev was short and cold. 40Nadeau Greenish stain could PROBABLY be removed by .5 to 1% hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, but it is chromium oxide and is a permanent pigment and should be of no concern.. 40.Nadeau Dichromate left in print needs to be removed because it damages the image. Sod metabi and sod bi both can be used but require longer wash times than pot metabi because of their lower solubility. Pot alum used, too, but requires increased washing than all others, and also seems to alter the image color, losing some if its soft delicate effect. It threatens print permanence (he sources Wm Crawford). 42 Scopick How long a print can remain stable without being cleared is not established. You can confidently store prints for one year without visible change. 64 Scopick Reuse clearing bath until it turns muddy green and then discard. 66 Scopick 1% sod bi or pot metabi clear. P. 45. Davis II 5% pot metabi and 5 mn wash 163Farber 1% pot metabi; 5% is too strong. 20 min wash after Livick online 5% sod bisulfite, a weak acid, sets and cures the image. Heavy dark tanning does not clear entirely but turns a pale blue/green. She uses 2/3 c sod bisulfite in a gallon. You can partially clear the tans if you want some duotone effect. Heavy dark tanning does not clear entirely but turns pale blue/green. Use the sod bi (2/3 c to a gallon) until it turns blue green and then discard. P. 5 Van Keuren Fix print with short exp to UV after final dev. Any remaining di will fix gum left behind. Don't do too long or you'll fog it (?) 170 Barnier 5% pot alum bath to clear, or 10% pot metabi or sod bi for 5 min.. 120-1 Blacklow Pot metabi 1%; sod metabi and sod bisulfite are ok but they soften the gum emulsion.7Mix pot metabi with distilled water Livick 50 You can spray on a clear of pot metabi, or selectively paint it on in problem areas. Pot alum is not archival. 238 James 5% pot metabi for 2-5 min, 15 mn wash 176 Hirsch 5% pot alum, altho it may degrade image. PF 1, 17 Sil Horowitz says that the dichromate is already fully oxidized and is relatively inert. PF 6 36" ----- Original Message ----- From: "ryberg" <cryberg@comcast.net> To: <alt-photo-process-l@usask.ca> Sent: Monday, December 11, 2006 12:54 PM Subject: clearing dichromate stain Folks,
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